Articulated Prepositions in Italian

You’ve learned about simple prepositions: di, a, da, in, con, su, per, tra, and fra. But you have also seen some that look like al, del, and dal. Are these the same prepositions, and if so, how do you know when to use them? These prepositions are called articulated prepositions, and they are formed when a simple preposition such as di or su precedes and combines with a nouns definite article such as lo or la to form one word that looks like dello or sullo. Articulated prepositions are probably one of the reasons you like listening to Italian, since they reinforce the languages mellifluous flow. Most important, they are crucial little words, a smoothing tool, in essence, born exactly of that: speaking. When Do You Use Articulated Prepositions? Generally, articulated prepositions are formed any time a noun following whatever preposition you’re using requires an article. So, for example, instead of saying Il libro à ¨ su il tavolo, you say, Il libro à ¨ sul tavolo. Or, instead of saying, Le camicie sono in gli armadi, you say, Le camicie sono negli armadi. Because Italian nouns get articles most times, you use articulated prepositions most everywhere. But in constructions that dont use an article before a noun, you do not articulate your preposition (since there is nothing to articulate with). What Do Articulated Prepositions Look Like? In the table below, note the more dramatic change that occurs when you combine the preposition in with a definite article, causing the reversal of the consonant: di a da in con su il del al dal nel col sul lo dello allo dallo nello collo sullo la della alla dalla nella colla sulla i dei ai dai nei coi sui gli degli agli dagli negli cogli sugli le delle alle dalle nelle colle sulle You dont need to articulate per, tra, or  fra. Regarding con, it is included in the table for your information. However, while you do run into coi, cogli, and colla in speaking, as many Italians say con i, con gli, con la, and so on, the written articulation has fallen into disuse almost completely. You write con i, con la, etc. Of course, if an articulated preposition is followed by a vowel, you can contract. For example, nellaria; nelluomo; dellanima; dellinsegnante; sullonda. Examples Vai al cinema? You’re going to the movies?Allentrata del palazzo ci sono i venditori di biglietti. At the entrance to the building, there are ticket sellers.Vorrei tanto andare negli Stati Uniti! I would really like to go to the United States!Ci sono tanti ristoranti sulla spiaggia. There are a lot of restaurants on the beach.Mi piace leggere alla sera. I like to read in the evening.La bambina era seduta sugli scalini. The girl was seated on the steps.Ho visto un bel piatto di pasta nella vetrina dellosteria. I saw a beautiful plate of pasta through the window of the restaurant.Nei primi minuti della partita lItalia ha fatto tre gol. In the first minutes of the game, Italy scored three goals.In questi giorni sui giornali si legge molto della politica italiana. These days in the papers, one reads a lot about Italian politics. Follow the Preposition Of course, since the preposition di also means possession, you use the articulation with di a lot simply for that reason. See this sentence from English to Italian: The owner of Lucias sisters favorite restaurant comes from Frances lower region. Il padrone del ristorante preferito della sorella della Lucia viene dalla parte bassa della Francia. The articulated prepositions accommodate all the quirks of the simple prepositions. So, if da is used to mean to someones place—for example, Im going to the bakers shop—if those words get articles, those prepositions become articulated. Vado dal dentista. I am going to the dentist (dentists office).Vado dal fornaio. I am going to the bakery.Torno dalla parrucchiera venerdà ¬. I am returning to the hairdressers on Friday. If essere di or venire da—to be from someplace—is used before a noun with an article, you articulate it. Towns dont get articles; regions do. Sono del paesino di Massello. I am from the little town of Massello.Veniamo dal Veneto. We are from Veneto. Time Since you use articulated prepositions any time a preposition is followed by an article, that means you articulate your prepositions when you speak about time. Remember, time is expressed in le ore, even when le ore are not stated (the two oclock). Just like in English, mezzogiorno (noon) and mezzanotte (midnight) do not get articles (except when you are speaking about the noon hour or the midnight hour: for example, Amo la mezzanotte, I love the midnight hour). With the expression prima di—before or earlier than—you couple di with the article of your ore. Dopo does not get a preposition (generally). Arrivo alle tre. I arrive at three.Arriviamo dopo le tre. We will arrive after three.Vorrei arrivare prima delle sette. I would like to get there before seven.Il treno delle 16.00 arriverà   dopo le 20.00. The train scheduled for 4 p.m. will arrive after 8 p.m.Il ristorante serve dalle 19.00 a mezzanotte. The restaurant serves from 7 p.m. to midnight.Devi venire prima di mezzogiorno o dopo le 17.00. You have to come before noon or after 5 p.m. Partitives In partitives, expressed with the preposition di (some of something), if you are saying, I would like some oranges, instead of saying, Vorrei di le arance, you say, Vorrei delle arance. Voglio comprare dei fichi. I would like to buy some figs.Posso avere delle ciliegie? May I have some cherries?Posso comprare del vino? May I buy some wine?Vorremmo degli aciugamani puliti, per favore. We would like some clean towels, please. Articulation With Pronouns If you are using pronomi relativi such as la quale, il quale, le quali, or i quali, if they are preceded by a preposition, you articulate it. For example: Il tavolo sul quale avevo messo i piatti comincià ² a tremare. The table on which I had put the plates began to shake.La ragazza, della quale mi ero fidata, scomparve. The girl, whom I had trusted, disappeared.I suoi biscotti, dei quali avevo sentito parlare, erano eccellenti. Her cookies, which I had heard about, were excellent. But: You do not use an article before aggettivi dimostrativi (questo, quello, etc.), so no articulation (just like in English): Voglio vivere su questa spiaggia. I want to live on this beach.Stasera mangiamo a quel ristorante. Tonight we are eating at that restaurant. Verbs With Prepositions If a verb is followed by a preposition and that preposition is followed by a noun with an article, you use an articulated preposition. Since most verbs do use prepositions, the list would be too long to entertain, but think of these: Imparare da: Ho imparato dal professore. I learned from the professor. Sapere di: Ho saputo del tuo incidente. I learned about your accident. Parlare di: Abbiamo parlato dei tuoi viaggi. We talked about your trips. Andare a: Siamo andati alla scuola di lingue. We went to the language school. Mettere su or in: Mettiamo i libri sulla scrivania. Lets put the books on the desk. Hence, the ubiquity of articulated prepositions. Expressions With Prepositions If an expression uses a proposition and it is followed by a noun with an article, you articulate the preposition. For example: A partire da—starting with, in English: Amo gli animali, a partire dai cani. I love animals, starting with dogs.A partire dal mattino, le campane suonano sempre. Beginning in the morning, the bells ring away. A prescindere da—regardless of, aside from, setting aside: A prescindere dalle sue ragioni, Marco ha sbagliato. Reasons aside, Marco was wrong.A prescindere dal torto o dalla ragione, capisco perchà © sia successo. Regardless of right or wrong, I understand why it happened. Al di fuori di—except for, other than: Al di fuori dei bambini di Franco, vengono tutti. Except for Francos children, everyone is coming.Al di fuori della mia torta era tutto buono. Aside from my cake, everything was good. In seguito a—following or in the aftermath of: In seguito alle sue decisioni, hanno chiuso il negozio. In the aftermath of his decisions, they closed the store.In seguito al maltempo il museo à ¨ stato chiuso. Following the bad weather, the museum was closed. Remember, there are times when an article is not called for in English and it is in Italian. With Infinitives and Past Participles Remember that infinitives can be sostantivati, functioning as nouns, and past participles can function as adjectives or nouns (past participles actually become nouns). As such, they take articles (il or lo with infinitives) and any prepositions preceding them need to be articulated: Nellaprire la finestra ha urtato il vaso e si à ¨ rotto. In opening the window she hit the vase and it broke.Sul farsi del giorno la donna partà ¬. At the beginning/making of the day, the woman left.Non ne poteva pià ¹ del borbottare che sentiva nel corridoio. He was fed up with the mumbling he was hearing in the hallway.Dei suoi scritti non conosco molto. Of her writings, I dont know much.Ho scritto storie sugli esiliati. I wrote stories about the exiled (people). Dos and Donts You do not use articles in front of singular relatives (aunt, uncle, grandmother) with possessive adjectives, so no articulated propositions there. (Or you can forego the possessive and use the article.) Parlo di mia mamma. I am speaking of my mother.Parlo della mamma. I am speaking of mom.Dai il regalo a mia zia. Give the gift to my aunt.Dai il regalo alla zia. Give the gift to grandmother. Generally, you dont use articles in front of names of days or months, but sometimes you do—if there is an adjective, for example. So, you say, Vengo alla fine di aprile (I am coming at the end of April), but, Vengo alla fine dellaprile prossimo (I am coming at the end of next April). Technically, you do not use definite articles in front of proper names (of people or cities, for example), so no articulated prepositions there either. Note, however, that in Tuscany and other areas in northern Italy where female names (and sometimes male names and last names, too) in common use are often preceded by an article, you do hear, della Lucia, or dalla Lucia, or even dal Giovanni). In Italian you do use articles in front of the proper names of countries, regions, (American) states, islands, oceans, and seas when they are direct objects (not, for example, with the verbs andare and venire, which are intransitive and followed by indirect objects: Vado in America). Hence, if used with a preposition, they need to be articulated: Amo parlare della Sicilia. I love talking about Sicily.Abbiamo visitato una mostra sulla storia del Mediterraneo. We visited a show about the history of the Mediterranean.Ho scritto una poesia sulla California. I wrote a poem about California. Buono studio!

Dna Forensics And The Human Genome - 2746 Words

DNA Forensics Before the 1980s, courts relied on testimony and eyewitness accounts as a main source of evidence. Notoriously unreliable, these techniques have since faded away to the stunning reliability of DNA forensics. In 1984, British geneticist Alec Jeffreys of the University of Leicester discovered an interesting new marker in the human genome. Most DNA information is the same in every human, but the junk code between genes is unique to every person. Junk DNA used for investigative purposes can be found in blood, saliva, perspiration, sexual fluid, skin tissue, bone marrow, dental pulp, and hair follicles (Phillips, 2008). By analyzing this junk code, Jeffreys found certain sequences of 10 to 100 base pairs repeated multiple†¦show more content†¦Except in the case of identical twins, the probability that two people have the same genetic code at all thirteen core loci is less than one in one trillion (Crest, 2005). Investigators compare these genetic fingerprints with p rofiles stored in databases of previous offenders, and if they find a match, it proves that the person was at the crime scene. DNA forensics can also narrow down suspect pools, exonerate innocent suspects, and link crimes together if the same DNA is found at both scenes. However, without existing suspects, a DNA profile cannot direct an investigation because current knowledge of genotype-phenotype relation is too vague for DNA phenotyping. For example, a profile from a first time offender that has no match in any database may give the information that the criminal is a left handed male of medium stature with red hair and freckles. It would be impossible to interview every man who fits that description. However, with available suspects, DNA forensics has many advantages over other forms of evidence. One is the longevity of DNA. Although it will deteriorate if exposed to sunlight, it can remain intact for centuries under proper conditions (Silverstein, 1996). Because DNA is so durable , investigators can reopen old cases to reexamine evidence. DNA from animals and plants can also be utilized in criminal forensics. One of the most common applications of this is the analysis of pet hair from a

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To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers w Essay adae ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Submit your Term Paper Below: Add a link to our Page: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our database of 1000s of Free Term Papers. Submit your Term Paper or Report To submit your report please copy and paste it below. Please include a bibliography (if necessary). By submitting this report you are giving us permission to distribute and collect any, and all money acquired by it. You are also confirming that you have written this paper, and are not violating any Copyright Laws. If you want to be given credit for your work, and you should!!! Please include your name and e-mail address. There is nothing wrong with submitting your paper. Teachers have no right to get upset with you for publishing your work. ITS YOURS!!! To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers we ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Submit your Term Paper Below: Add a link to our Page: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our database of 1000s of Free Term Papers. Submit your Term Paper or Report To submit your report please copy and paste it below. Please include a bibliography (if necessary). By submitting this report you are giving us permission to distribute and collect any, and all money acquired by it. You are also confirming that you have written this paper, and are not violating any Copyright Laws. If you want to be given credit for your work, and you should!!! Please include your name and e-mail address. There is nothing wrong with submitting your paper. Teachers have no right to get upset with you for publishing your work. ITS YOURS!!! To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers we ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Submit your Term Paper Below: Add a link to our Page: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our database of 1000s of Free Term Papers. Submit your Term Paper or Report To submit your report please copy and paste it below. Please include a bibliography (if necessary). By submitting this report you are giving us permission to distribute and collect any, and all money acquired by it. You are also confirming that you have written this paper, and are not violating any Copyright Laws. If you want to be given credit for your work, and you should!!! Please include your name and e-mail address. There is nothing wrong with submitting your paper. Teachers have no right to get upset with you for publishing your work. ITS YOURS!!! 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The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Essay Example

The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Paper The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Middle English (ME) was the dominant and traditional spoken language form in many parts of England during the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages are so called as the middle period between the decline of the Roman Empire and prior to the period called the Renaissance. Brief History of the Middle English The Norman Conquest The period of Middle English begins with the Norman invasion of 1066 CE. The Norman Conquest was a pivotal event in English history and all subsequent developments in the English monarchy, government, society, language and outlook are coloured by it. King Edward the Confessor had died without heirs, and William, Duke of Normandy, believed that he would become the next king. However, upon learning that Harold was crowned king, William invaded England, killed Harold and crowned himself king during the famous Battle of Hastings. Yet William spoke only French. As a result, the upper class in England began to speak French while the lower classes spoke English. French became the language of law, administration, literature and government. English was banned from all polite and official usage, and practically ceased to be a written language. The Rise of English in England But by 1250 CE, French began to lose its prestige. King John had lost Normandy to the French in 1204 CE, and after him, King Edward I spoke only English. At this time, many foreigners entered England which made the nobility feel more English and so encouraged more use of the English language. The upper class tried to learn English, but they did still use French words sometimes, which was considered somewhat snobbish. French still maintained its prestige elsewhere, and the upper class did not want to lose it completely. We will write a custom essay sample on The Middle English Period (1100-1500) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Middle English Period (1100-1500) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Middle English Period (1100-1500) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Black Death also played a role in increasing English use with the emergence of the middle class. Several of the workers had been killed by the plague, which increased the status of the peasants, who only spoke English. By 1362 CE, the Statute of Pleading (although written in French) declared English as the official spoken language of the courts. By 1385 CE, English was the language of instruction in schools. Although the popularity of French was decreasing, several words (around 10,000) were borrowed into English between 1250 and 1500 CE. Many of the words were related to government, law ,social life fashion and learning . So, English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer. The changes that occurred during this period may be noted in every aspect of the language : in its sounds, in the meanings of its words and in the nature of word stock, where many Old English words were replaced by French ones( like cafe and chef). Also, many of the grammatical distinctions of the Old English period disappeared. Medieval Culture The Middle Ages saw the emergence of great changes in English culture. The violent times of the Dark Ages had led to a primitive society lacking in elegance or refinement . The Middle Ages saw society changing due to the influence from various foreign cultures . The Characteristics of the Medieval Culture The society was organized as a pyramid of sorts. The nobles were at the top, with a great many peasants at the bottom. Peasants worked on the land and lived in rough huts, which they often shared with their animals. They slept on straw mattresses on the floor. In the middle were the scientists, merchants, craftsmen. Attitudes towards women changed. Now, women were treated with respect. But, women were seen as helpless, beautiful, and pure . In Europe during the Middle Ages the only recognized religion was Christianity, in the form of the Catholic religion. The lives of the Medieval people of the Middle Ages was dominated by the church. The Normans were tremendous builders of castles built much of what we now see as the surviving medieval look of England. The Linguistic Features of the ME Middle English spelling Consonants Most of the Old English consonant sounds remained unchanged in Middle English. Important spelling differences occur, however, most of them due to Anglo-Norman influence Some of the apparent innovations in middle English spelling were ,in fact, a return to earlier conventions. For example the diagraph th that had been used in some of the earliest English text but was replaced in later Old English by writing by ? and ? ; during the Middle English period ,th was gradually reintroduced again . Similarly, uu ,used for [w] in early manuscripts was brought back to England by Noman scribes in a ligatured form as w. The consonantal sound [v] did not occur initially in Old English . All Middle English words with initial v have been taken from Latin or French such as very, voice (French) ,vocal, vulgar (Latin). Ch was used in Middle English under French influence, to indicate the initial sound of child ,which in Old English had been spilled simply with c as in cild. The Old English hw (as in hw? t) was replaced by the Middle English wh (as in what) . The Old English cw (as in cwen ) was replaced by the Middle English qu (queen). French language was responsible for the Middle English spelling qu. The old English cg (ecg edge) was replaced by French gg in Middle English as egge edge. Double consonants were lost in (OE mann ) Vowels To indicate vowel length ,Middle English writing frequently employed double letters( e. g ee or oo). Final unstressed e following a single consonant also indicated vowel length in Middle English, as in fode (food) and fede (to feed). Short u in Old English was written o during the latter part of Middle English period if m,n,u were contiguous . The Middle English writings sone (son) and sonne (sun), thus indicate the same vowel sound [U] in old English respectively sunu and sunne. O for u servives in a number of Modern English words as son, come (OE cuman) and love (OE lufu). The French spelling ou was used to represent Old English long u(and sometimes short) as hous(OE hu? s) . In older inscriptions, documents, works and texts (nearer to Old English), you may find vowels with a macron (a bar) written above (like name). The macron simply tells you that the vowel is long, and follows the pronunciation guides above for long vowels. Also, any vowel written double (aa, ee, oo, uu) is long Middle English Pronunciation Middle English Consonants Most consonant sounds act like English. Since consonants in most words are nearly identical to their Modern English counterparts, lets focus on the differences. ?By default, the letters /th/ and /f/ are voiceless like in thing and fish. They are only voiced (like this and of) between two vowels: ferne, fowles, forward, oft VS. yfe, ofer, efer that, thoghte, thonder VS. bathen, sothe, fother ?The combination /wh/ represents the sound of h + w (like h) pronounced just before the start of the Modern English version of the word): whanne, what, who ? The letter /s/ sounds like seem, unless its between two vowels, then its like please:seyde, sothe VS. cosin. ?The sound of /r/ is typically trilled, like Spanish r :rood, ferne ? Initial stops in clusters gn- and kn- still pronounced: ME gnat, gnawen, knowen, knave ? Double consonants were lost in (OE mann ) Many words were borrowed from Old French (and much less frequently from Latin) beginning with[v] (for instance ,veal ,virtue ,visit) and later with [z]( for instance,zeal,zodiac). Middle English Vowels ?Long /a/ sounds like a lengthened version of father (pronounced for a slightly longer time). Short /a/ sounds more like pat:name (or naame) VS. bak ? Long /e/ sometimes sounds like the /e/ of they and other times like the /e/ of let (both sounds held out for a longer time). Short /e/ sounds like let:sweete, breeth, mete VS. tendre ? Long /i/ or /y/ sounds like seem, while short /i/ or /y/ sounds like sit or seem pronounced for a shorter amount of time: my, ire VS. ynogh ? Long /o/ sometimes sounds like boo and other times like British rock (both for a slightly longer time). Short /o/ always sounds like the /o/ in British rock: good, wo VS. oft, holt ? Long /u/ sounds like cue, while short /u/ sounds like full:nature VS. unstraunge ? The final e on many words may be sounded if it helps the meter of an individual line. ?E. g. , When that Aprille with his shoures sote The droughte of Marche hath perced to the rote